These continue to be core concerns, but the scope of urban planning has expanded to incorporate issues ranging from the transition to renewable energy sources, restoring fragmented ecological systems, mitigating climate change, and increased environmental vulnerability to cultural heritage preservation and living together in situations of hyperdiversity. Planning has interrelated specializations, including housing, transportation, community development, economic development and environmental planning, among others. Although planners are quick to note planning failures, they have been slower to develop critical analyses of how planning is implicated in the intersectional production of colonial power and gendered, racialized settlements than activists and researchers in geography and affiliated disciplines, and they have been less observant of planning’s role in concentrating rather than redistributing wealth. How to address market failures, look out for collective interests, and work toward greater equity and better conditions for disadvantaged residents are core tenets of planning practice. Urban planning research and practice also engages with public action and policy. Planning overlaps with geography when it examines the spaces of everyday life, spatial relationships among its different dimensions, and the processes that create them. Twentieth-century planning also increasingly drew on social scientific knowledge and practices, and by the century’s end urban planning research drew from and substantially contributed to geography, urban sociology, urban anthropology, and the broader urban and regional studies literatures. The profession stemmed from architecture and landscape architecture, municipal engineering, public health, and social reform efforts, and it developed a distinct identity in the 20th century. Urban planning refers both to collective actions that shape and improve human settlements and to a profession or professions that developed to guide urban growth and improve the conditions of industrial cities.
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